The vocal cords are covered by a mucus membrane which is in continuation with the mucus membranes of the nose, mouth and throat called the Epithelium. These are specialized cells which have several functions (secretion, absorption, protection, trans-cellular transport, sensation detection, and selective permeability).
It is the Epithelium that has sensation and allows you to feel your cords while vibrating (see Phonation). It is also the Epithelium that will sense the irritation from overuse, dryness from dehydration or pain from abuse of your voice. Professional singers become highly sensitive in this area and learn to take care of their voice before problems start. They can usually feel vocal fatigue before most non-singers. It manifests as a slight soreness in the throat, almost imperceptible, the day before a cold really takes hold. It’s recommended, if you are able, to take lots of vitamin C at these times, stay hydrated and get a good night’s rest; in this way a more serious cold may be avoided. With practice, you can develop this sensitivity too and learn to maintain your health.
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Respiratory epithelium - Mucosa, goblet cells and basement membrane